Pyometra is a serious, life-threatening bacterial infection of the uterus that commonly affects unspayed (intact) female dogs, usually a few weeks after estrus (heat).

Causes

* Hormonal changes after heat, especially increased progesterone.

* Thickening of the uterine lining (cystic endometrial hyperplasia).

* Bacterial infection, most commonly E. coli.

* Accumulation of pus within the uterus.

Types

 Open Pyometra

* Cervix remains open.

* Pus or bloody discharge from the vulva.

* Easier to recognize.

 Closed Pyometra

* Cervix is closed.

* No vaginal discharge.

* Pus accumulates inside the uterus, causing severe abdominal enlargement and a higher risk of uterine rupture and sepsis.

Clinical Signs

* Depression and lethargy

* Loss of appetite

* Fever (may be absent in some cases)

* Increased thirst and urination (PU/PD)

* Vomiting

* Weight loss

* Abdominal distension

* Vaginal discharge (open pyometra)

* Dehydration

Diagnosis

* History of recent heat cycle

* Physical examination

* Complete blood count (often shows neutrophilia)

* Ultrasonography: enlarged, fluid-filled uterus

* Radiography in advanced cases

Treatment

 Ovariohysterectomy (spay surgery) is the treatment of choice and is usually life-saving.

Supportive therapy:

* Intravenous fluids

* Broad-spectrum antibiotics

* Pain management

Medical treatment with prostaglandins may be considered only in selected breeding animals and carries risks.

Prevention

Elective spaying

Pyometra is a veterinary emergency. Without prompt treatment, it can lead to septicemia, shock, uterine rupture, and death.